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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...
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Accelerating Fluids01:17

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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Instantaneous Acceleration01:16

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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Acceleration Vectors01:30

Acceleration Vectors

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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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Average Acceleration01:30

Average Acceleration

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
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Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE.

E Gschwendtner1, M Turner1, E Adli2

  • 11 CERN , Geneva , Switzerland.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) successfully demonstrated GeV electron acceleration using plasma wakefields driven by proton bunches. This paves the way for future particle acceleration technologies.

Keywords:
AWAKEplasma wakefield accelerationseeded self modulation

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Particle acceleration
  • High-energy physics

Background:

  • The Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN investigated plasma wakefield acceleration.
  • Proton bunch-driven wakefields offer a novel acceleration mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate GeV-level electron acceleration from initial MeV energies.
  • To utilize a highly relativistic, self-modulated proton bunch to drive a plasma wakefield.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup at CERN for AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018).
  • Measurement concepts for electron acceleration in plasma wakefields.
  • Utilizing a self-modulated proton bunch as the driver.

Main Results:

  • Successful acceleration of electrons to GeV energies was achieved.
  • Experimental data from AWAKE Run 1 confirmed the acceleration concept.

Conclusions:

  • The feasibility of proton beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration was demonstrated.
  • Results pave the way for future advancements in particle accelerators.