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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

15.7K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
15.7K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

12.7K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
12.7K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

8.0K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
8.0K
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.3K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
7.3K
Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

4.7K
Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
4.7K
Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:08

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

6.0K
The reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid, yields a tertiary alcohol. In the case of formate esters, secondary alcohols are formed.
The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and introduces two identical alkyl groups, derived from the Grignard reagent, bonded to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of the alcohol.
The reaction follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. The Grignard...
6.0K

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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
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Alcohol Use by Youth.

Joanna Quigley,

    Pediatrics
    |June 26, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Underage alcohol consumption poses significant risks to the developing brain, impacting neurobiology and neuroplasticity. The American Academy of Pediatrics outlines its policy on youth alcohol use and its effects.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Pediatrics
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Underage alcohol use remains a critical public health issue in the United States.
    • Neurobiological research underscores the detrimental effects of early alcohol exposure on the developing brain.
    • Adolescent brain development is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic impacts of ethanol.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the official policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding alcohol use in children and adolescents.
    • To inform healthcare providers and policymakers about the risks associated with underage drinking.
    • To emphasize the importance of preventing alcohol initiation in youth.

    Main Methods:

    • This policy statement is informed by a comprehensive technical report.

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  • The statement synthesizes current scientific understanding of alcohol's effects on the adolescent brain.
  • Expert consensus and evidence-based guidelines form the basis of the recommendations.

    • Main Results:

    • Underage drinking can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental deficits.
    • Early alcohol use is associated with increased risk for alcohol dependence later in life.
    • Interventions aimed at preventing underage drinking are crucial for protecting long-term brain health.

    Conclusions:

    • The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly advises against alcohol consumption by individuals under the legal drinking age.
    • Protecting the developing brain from alcohol exposure is a primary public health goal.
    • Continued research and public health initiatives are necessary to address the problem of underage drinking.