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Updated: Jan 23, 2026
Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
Published on: April 27, 2014
[50 years of systemic therapy of urinary bladder cancer]
Margitta Retz1, Gunhild von Amsberg2, Thomas Horn1
1Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, München.
Abstract:
This review summarises the treatment strategies of the last five decades for metastatic urothelial cancer. The introduction of combination chemotherapy in the mid-1980s led to clinically significant response rates and prolonged survival. Two years ago, the results of a phase-3 clinical trial with the PD1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma were published. These data were the first to show an overall survival benefit in comparison with a conventional chemotherapy with vinflunine, docetaxel or paclitaxel. Currently, PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors are also tested within randomized phase-3-trials for first-line treatment using different approaches either as a monotherapy or a combination with conventional chemotherapy or CTLA-4 inhibitors. Whereas data from single-arm phase-2 clinical trials have already been published, first phase-3 data are expected in 2019.
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