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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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Disparities in Diffuse Cortical White Matter Integrity Between Socioeconomic Groups.

Danielle Shaked1,2, Daniel K Leibel1, Leslie I Katzel3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|June 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to poorer brain white matter integrity, indicated by reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased diffusivity. These findings suggest lifelong socioeconomic disparities impact brain health.

Keywords:
agediffusion tensor imaginghealth disparitiesneuroanatomical healthracesocioeconomic statuswhite matter integrity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to poorer neuroanatomical health.
  • The relationship between SES and white matter integrity is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between SES and white matter integrity in primary cortical regions.
  • To evaluate the moderating effects of age and race on this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • 192 neurologically intact adults from the HANDLS SCAN study underwent 3.0-T MRI.
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) estimated regional fractional anisotropy (FA) and trace to assess white matter integrity and diffusivity.
  • Multiple regression analyses examined associations of SES, age, and race with FA and trace.

Main Results:

  • Lower SES was associated with lower FA across all brain regions.
  • Individuals with low SES exhibited higher trace values in frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
  • Older age correlated with lower FA and higher trace, while race showed no main effect on FA.

Conclusions:

  • Lower SES is associated with poorer white matter integrity and greater diffusivity.
  • These findings may be partly explained by lifelong exposure to biopsychosocial risk factors.
  • The results may help elucidate cognitive and functional disparities between socioeconomic groups.