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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Mapping chromatin modifications at the single cell level.

Connor H Ludwig1, Lacramioara Bintu2

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Rm 042, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|June 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single cell mapping of chromatin modifications offers new ways to understand gene regulation and cell identity. These advanced techniques help overcome challenges posed by chromatin

Keywords:
Chromatin regulationDNA methylationGene regulationHistone modificationsSingle cell detection

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromatin regulation is crucial for gene regulation, cellular identity, and therapeutic development.
  • The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of chromatin presents challenges in understanding its principles.
  • Single-cell approaches are needed to overcome limitations in studying chromatin structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in single-cell measurement techniques for chromatin modifications.
  • To highlight the applications of these techniques in understanding cellular heterogeneity and dynamics.
  • To provide insights into the potential of single-cell chromatin analysis for diagnostics and therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of techniques to minimize DNA loss during single-cell analysis.
  • Advancements in DNA sequencing and barcoding for high-throughput single-cell chromatin studies.
  • Improvements in antibody engineering for precise detection of chromatin modifications at the single-cell level.

Main Results:

  • Single-cell chromatin modification mapping provides a deeper understanding of cell-type classification.
  • These methods enable the mapping of co-occurring chromatin modifications and their heterogeneity.
  • Techniques allow for the monitoring of dynamic changes in chromatin structure within individual cells.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell chromatin mapping is a powerful tool for dissecting gene regulation and cellular identity.
  • Advances in methodology are expanding the applications of chromatin analysis in biological research.
  • This approach holds significant promise for developing novel diagnostics and cellular therapies.