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The Kirkendall effect in bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) leads to void formation at interfaces, not hollow cores. Voids migrate to the surface, reversing conventional assumptions about their behavior during heating.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Bimetallic nanomaterials undergo morphological and property changes at high temperatures due to atomic interdiffusion.
  • The Kirkendall effect (KE) describes mass transport during interdiffusion, typically leading to hollow structures in monometallic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the manifestation of the Kirkendall effect in bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) during heat treatment.
  • To understand the behavior of nanoscale voids in bimetallic NPs under thermal stress.

Main Methods:

  • In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe core-shell gold-palladium (Au-Pd) NPs during heating.
  • Analysis focused on morphological evolution and void dynamics at the atomic level.

Main Results:

  • Unlike monometallic NPs, bimetallic Au-Pd NPs did not form hollow cores.
  • Nanoscale voids formed at the bimetallic interface and subsequently migrated to the NP surface.
  • The direction of vacancy flow reversed due to differences in vacancy formation energy between Pd and Au.

Conclusions:

  • Void behavior in bimetallic NPs deviates from idealized models based solely on atomic fluxes.
  • The migration of nanoscale voids challenges conventional assumptions of immobility and shrinkage.
  • Findings have significant implications for designing bimetallic nanomaterials for high-temperature applications.