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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Diffusing the bilingual lexicon: Task-based and lexical components of language switch costs.

Gabriel Ong1, Meredith McKague1, Brendan Weekes2

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Bilingual speakers incur a response time cost when switching languages. This cost stems from both accessing words and the decision-making process itself, impacting evidence accumulation and pre-decision cognitive steps.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Bilingual speakers exhibit a response time (RT) cost when transitioning between languages.
  • This phenomenon is debated, with theories suggesting either a shared bilingual lexicon or domain-general cognitive costs.
  • Understanding the source of these costs is crucial for models of bilingual language processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying cognitive mechanisms responsible for language switch costs in bilinguals.
  • To differentiate between accounts related to lexical organization and general cognitive processing.
  • To analyze response time distributions using a diffusion model to pinpoint specific processing stages.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Ratcliff (1978) diffusion model to analyze response time distributions.
  • Employed generalized lexical decision (GLD) tasks with Spanish-English bilingual participants.
  • Conducted two experiments, one examining direct language switches and another investigating the anticipation of switches.

Main Results:

  • Language switches were found to decrease the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate).
  • Switching languages also increased the time for cognitive processes preceding decision-making (non-decision time).
  • Anticipating language switches did not alter these observed effects.

Conclusions:

  • Language switch costs arise from a combination of factors affecting both lexical access and task-specific decision processes.
  • The findings support a multi-component model of bilingual language control.
  • This research provides empirical evidence for the locus of language switch costs within specific cognitive operations.