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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The plasma supply in France.

O Garraud1, C Martinaud2

  • 1EA3064, faculty of medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Palliative Care, the Ruffec Hospital, 16700, Ruffec, France; The National Institute for Blood Transfusion INTS, 75015, Paris, France.

Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis
|June 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

France employs a versatile policy for therapeutic plasma processing and safety, prioritizing voluntary non-remunerated donation. Key safety measures include quarantine and pathogen reduction technology, ensuring high standards for patient plasma needs.

Keywords:
AllergyHemovigilancePathogen reduction technologyPlasmaQuarantineTransfusion

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Public Health Policy
  • Blood Product Manufacturing

Background:

  • France's therapeutic plasma policy differs from economically comparable nations.
  • Policies address plasma origin (whole blood vs. apheresis) and processing methods.
  • Current practices emphasize safety and adherence to voluntary donation principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline France's unique approach to therapeutic plasma processing and safety.
  • To detail the safety measures implemented in plasma manufacturing.
  • To highlight the regulatory framework governing plasma donation and use.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of French national policies on therapeutic plasma.
  • Review of safety measures, including quarantine and pathogen reduction.
  • Examination of plasma sourcing and manufacturing processes.

Main Results:

  • Over 99% of plasma originates from civilian and Army Forces blood establishments.
  • Primary safety measures involve quarantine and Amotosalen-HCl-UVA pathogen reduction technology.
  • Plasma is exclusively sourced through the Voluntary Non-Remunerated pathway.

Conclusions:

  • France maintains a robust and evolving policy for therapeutic plasma, balancing versatile processing with stringent safety.
  • Hemovigilance plays a crucial role in policy adaptation, particularly for reducing allergic reactions.
  • The commitment to voluntary non-remunerated donation underpins the entire plasma supply chain.