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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

TiO2-coated Hollow Glass Microspheres with Superhydrophobic and High IR-reflective Properties Synthesized by a Soft-chemistry Method
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A universal fluorous technology toward superhydrophobic coatings.

Jinlong Zha1, Nicolas Batisse1, Daniel Claves1

  • 1Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6296, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|June 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel method for creating stable, superhydrophobic coatings. This process combines electrospinning with fluorine treatment to create textured, water-repellent films for various applications.

Keywords:
ElectrospinningFluorineSuperhydrophobicity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Developing non-wettable coatings with immediate applicative interest is crucial.
  • Mimicking bio-inspired strategies for water repellency is a key research area.
  • Designing multiscale textured and chemically-activated continuous films presents a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a process for creating large-sized, non-wettable coatings.
  • To associate membrane spinning techniques with bio-inspired water repellency strategies.
  • To design a multiscale textured and chemically-activated continuous film.

Main Methods:

  • A novel synergic combination of processing technique and chemical treatment was developed.
  • Fluorinated nanocarbons were incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microfibers via electrospinning.
  • The resulting nanocomposites were treated under gaseous molecular fluorine.

Main Results:

  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) reacted with fluorine (F2), leading to etching and functionalization.
  • A mechanistic approach was proposed for the chemical modification of PVP upon fluorination.
  • A stable, superhydrophobic coating-like film with dual micro- and nanoscale texturing was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The combined action of electrospinning, polymer etching, and nanofiller emergence created a dual texturing.
  • This process yields a stable, time-resistant superhydrophobic coating.
  • The developed method shows feasibility for producing large-sized non-wettable coatings.