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Related Concept Videos

Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

82.5K
A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
82.5K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.9K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.9K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.4K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
4.4K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

3.4K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.4K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.2K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.2K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

6.2K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
6.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library
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Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

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α-Amidated Peptides: Approaches for Analysis.

Gregory P Mueller1, Rachel C Lazarus2, William J Driscoll2

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. gregory.mueller@usuhs.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details methods for analyzing alpha-amidation, a crucial peptide modification essential for biological function. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is presented as a key tool for quantifying these vital alpha-amidated peptides.

Keywords:
IodinationMass spectrometryPeptidesPeptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenaseRadioimmunoassaySecretory granulesα-Amidation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Alpha-amidation is a critical post-translational modification in peptide biosynthesis.
  • Over 50% of known neuroendocrine peptides are alpha-amidated, a feature essential for their biological activity.
  • This modification can be a rate-limiting step in peptide production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for developing and utilizing analytical tools to study the biology of alpha-amidated peptides.
  • To provide detailed protocols for radioimmunoassay (RIA) development and application.
  • To discuss techniques for identifying and verifying alpha-amidated peptides and relevant in vivo models.

Main Methods:

  • Development and characterization of primary antibodies for RIA.
  • Radiolabeling of peptides for RIA assays.
  • Sample preparation and RIA performance protocols.
  • Techniques for peptide identification and verification.
  • Discussion of in vivo models for studying alpha-amidation biology.

Main Results:

  • Detailed protocols for radioimmunoassay (RIA) are provided, covering antibody production, radiolabeling, sample preparation, and assay performance.
  • Methods for identification and verification of alpha-amidated peptides are described.
  • In vivo models for studying the biological significance of alpha-amidation are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a principal analytical method for quantifying alpha-amidated peptides.
  • Comprehensive methods are presented for studying the biology and function of alpha-amidated peptides.
  • Understanding alpha-amidation is crucial for comprehending neuroendocrine peptide signaling and function.