Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

272
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
272
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

8.1K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
8.1K
Electric Potential and Potential Difference01:16

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

5.6K
Suppose a positive test charge moves away from a positive static charge, then the Coulomb force does positive work, and its electric potential energy decreases. The potential energy per unit charge is defined as the electric potential. The electric potential is independent of the test charge.
When a test charge moves from the initial to the final position, the electric potential difference between those positions is defined as the ratio of the change in the potential energy to the charge on the...
5.6K
Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The F-Test01:14

Identifying Statistically Significant Differences: The F-Test

3.2K
The F-test is used to compare two sample variances to each other or compare the sample variance to the population variance. It is used to decide whether an indeterminate error can explain the difference in their values. The underlying assumptions that allow the use of the F-test include the data set or sets are normally distributed, and the data sets are independent of each other. The test statistic F is calculated by dividing one variance by another. In other words, the square of one standard...
3.2K
Sum and Difference OpAmps01:22

Sum and Difference OpAmps

1.3K
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile devices that extend beyond amplification. In this context, two specific op-amp configurations are explored: the summing and difference amplifiers.
A summing amplifier, or an adder, utilizes an op-amp to merge multiple input signals into a single output signal. When audio signals are introduced into its input channels, the input resistors initiate currents that traverse feedback resistors, resulting in an output voltage. Applying Kirchhoff's current...
1.3K
Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform01:24

Difference Equation Solution using z-Transform

625
The z-transform is a powerful tool for analyzing practical discrete-time systems, often represented by linear difference equations. Solving a higher-order difference equation requires knowledge of the input signal and the initial conditions up to one term less than the order of the equation.
The z-transform facilitates handling delayed signals by shifting the signal in the z-domain, which corresponds to delaying the signal in the time domain, and advancing signals by similarly shifting in the...
625

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

NIH Funding in Surgical Artificial Intelligence: Who, What, Where, Why.

Journal of the American College of Surgeons·2026
Same author

Optimizing AI implementation for surgery: recommendations for infrastructure and deployment in the operating room.

NPJ digital medicine·2026
Same author

The Biochemical Spectrum of Pheochromocytoma.

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports·2026
Same author

Reinforcement Learning for Intraoperative Hypotension Management with Consideration to Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury.

Kidney360·2026
Same author

MySurgeryRisk Model Predictions of Postoperative Complications and Mortality.

JAMA surgery·2026
Same author

Conduit choice in open repair of iliac artery injuries: a comparative analysis of in-hospital outcomes from the National Trauma Data Bank.

Journal of vascular surgery·2026
Same journal

Fistulotomy with primary sphincteroplasty for complex anal fistulas: Should we be concerned about incontinence?

Surgery·2026
Same journal

No need for mesh in the repair of hiatal hernias: Autologous tissue hiatoplasty techniques for the repair of the complex diaphragmatic defect.

Surgery·2026
Same journal

Incretin-based therapies and altered myocardial metabolism in a swine model of ischemic heart disease in the setting of metabolic syndrome.

Surgery·2026
Same journal

Colonoscopy utilization and persistent disparities in early onset colorectal cancer: A multistate, multi-institution nested case-control study.

Surgery·2026
Same journal

From blades to heels: Lessons in performance from the ice to the practice of surgery.

Surgery·2026
Same journal

Preoperative risk assessment for surgical operations using artificial intelligence: Potential benefits, hurdles, and future directions.

Surgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.4K

Gender differences among surgical fellowship program directors.

Amanda C Filiberto1, Christopher B Le1, Tyler J Loftus1

  • 1University of Florida Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL.

Surgery
|July 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women are underrepresented as surgery fellowship program directors, holding fewer leadership positions and lower academic ranks than men. Further research is needed to understand the factors influencing these disparities in surgical leadership.

More Related Videos

Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
03:35

Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: December 1, 2023

598
Author Spotlight: Exploring Sex-Specific Glial Signatures and Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's Disease
04:22

Author Spotlight: Exploring Sex-Specific Glial Signatures and Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: May 20, 2024

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.4K
Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
03:35

Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: December 1, 2023

598
Author Spotlight: Exploring Sex-Specific Glial Signatures and Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's Disease
04:22

Author Spotlight: Exploring Sex-Specific Glial Signatures and Therapeutic Leads for Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: May 20, 2024

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Specialties
  • Academic Medicine

Background:

  • Increasing representation of women in American surgery.
  • Lack of data on sex and academic rank in surgical fellowship leadership.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the demographics and academic ranks of surgery fellowship program directors.
  • To assess the association between sex and academic rank.
  • To explore the correlation between subspecialty compensation and the percentage of female directors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 811 surgery fellowship programs across 14 specialties.
  • Assessment of associations between academic rank and sex using chi-squared test.
  • Correlation analysis between subspecialty compensation and female director percentage using Pearson r.

Main Results:

  • Women comprised 18% of fellowship program directors.
  • Female directors were more prevalent at assistant professor rank (25% vs 17% men) and less prevalent at full professor rank (36% vs 48% men).
  • Breast surgery had the highest percentage of female directors (65%), while minimally invasive surgery had the lowest (6%). A negative correlation was found between subspecialty compensation and the percentage of female directors (r = -0.62, P = .04).

Conclusions:

  • Women are underrepresented in surgery fellowship program director roles.
  • Female directors tend to hold lower academic ranks compared to their male counterparts.
  • Further investigation is required to determine if women achieve director appointments at lower ranks or if sex influences promotion within these leadership positions.