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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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In vivo imaging techniques for bone tissue engineering.

Eirini A Fragogeorgi1, Maritina Rouchota2, Maria Georgiou3

  • 1Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.

Journal of Tissue Engineering
|July 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, offers a non-invasive approach to study bone remodeling in animal models. This technique aids in understanding bone regenerative processes for tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
Bone defectshealingsingle photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography–computed tomography imagingsubstitute materials

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Imaging Science

Background:

  • Bone tissue engineering utilizes novel scaffolds to repair bone defects, traditionally assessed via histology.
  • Histological evaluation of bone remodeling is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires numerous animals.
  • X-ray-based imaging is widely used for non-invasive bone assessment in pre-clinical and clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of nuclear imaging techniques in pre-clinical bone defect models.
  • To highlight the utility of nuclear imaging as a supportive tool for studying bone regeneration.
  • To enhance understanding of bone regenerative processes using advanced imaging modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on nuclear imaging techniques: single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET).
  • Discussion of SPECT and PET, both standalone and in combination with computed tomography (CT).
  • Application of these methods to small animal models with untreated and scaffold-filled bone defects.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear imaging provides a non-invasive alternative to histology for evaluating bone formation and remodeling.
  • SPECT and PET, especially when combined with CT, offer valuable insights into bone regenerative processes.
  • These techniques facilitate the study of bone healing in various pre-clinical models.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear imaging methods are effective supportive tools for pre-clinical bone tissue engineering research.
  • SPECT and PET imaging can significantly advance the knowledge of bone regenerative processes.
  • Non-invasive imaging accelerates the evaluation of bone defect treatments and scaffold efficacy.