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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent

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Lutetium-177 Radiolabeled Gold Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Theranostics.

Adamantia Apostolopoulou^1,2, Evangelia-Alexandra Salvanou¹, Christos Liolios^1,3

¹Radiochemical Studies Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 13, 2026

Summary

This study developed gold nanoparticles targeted to prostate cancer cells using Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). These nanoparticles, labeled with Lutetium-177 (177Lu), show potential for both diagnosing and treating prostate cancer.

Keywords:

MTT assay PSMA cell binding cell internalization gold nanoparticles lutetium-177 prostate cancer radiolabeling spheroids

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction

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Published on: January 29, 2019

Area of Science:

Nanomedicine
Radiochemistry
Oncology

Background:

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) offer unique properties for cancer research, including surface functionalization, low toxicity, and tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.
Prostate cancer cells overexpress Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), making it a prime target for nanomedicine.
Lutetium-177 (177Lu) is a radionuclide suitable for both SPECT imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy due to its gamma and beta emissions, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and evaluate Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-targeted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) radiolabeled with Lutetium-177 (177Lu) for prostate cancer theranostics.
To assess the in vitro stability and cellular interactions of these theranostic nanoconstructs.
To investigate the targeted delivery and cytotoxic effects on prostate cancer cell lines with varying PSMA expression.

Main Methods:

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with a PSMA targeting moiety and the TADOTAGA chelator for radiolabeling.
Radiolabeling was performed using Lutetium-177 (177Lu).
In vitro studies involved assessing stability and cellular interactions with 2D and 3D cultures of prostate cancer cell lines (varying PSMA expression).

Main Results:

Fast and robust radiolabeling of functionalized AuNPs with 177Lu was achieved.
The PSMA-targeted AuNPs demonstrated selective interaction with PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells.
A stronger in vitro cytotoxic effect was observed for PSMA-functionalized AuNPs compared to non-targeted ones.

Conclusions:

PSMA-targeted, 177Lu-labeled AuNPs show significant potential as theranostic agents for prostate cancer.
The nanoconstructs exhibit selective targeting and enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro.
Further investigation in preclinical models is warranted to confirm their therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy.