Lipids Promote Glycated Phospholipid Formation by Inducing Hydroxyl Radicals in a Maillard Reaction Model System

Food-derived glycated phospholipids is potentially hazardous to human health. However, there are few studies on the effects of lipids on the formation of glycated phospholipids. In this work, two model systems were established: (1) a model system including 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE), glucose, and Fenton reagent and (2) a model system including PE, glucose, and five kind of vegetable oils. The contents of carboxymethyl-PE, carboxyethyl-PE, Amadori-PE, hydroxyl radical (OH•), glyoxal, and methylglyoxal were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The results of the first model system showed that OH• oxidized glucose to produce glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which then reacted with PE to form carboxymethyl-PE and carboxyethyl-PE. OH• also oxidized Amadori-PE to form carboxymethyl-PE. The results of the second model system showed that vegetable oils with higher number of moles of carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond in vegetable oil per kilogram could produce more OH•, which promote the formation of carboxymethyl-PE and carboxyethyl-PE by oxidizing glucose and oil. We elucidated the effects of oils on the formation of glycated phospholipids in terms of OH• and intermediates. This work will contribute to better understanding the formation mechanism of glycated phospholipids with oil.