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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy
Published on: May 3, 2011
Sub-ppm-Level Ammonia Detection Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with an Optical Microphone Based on a Phase
Oscar E Bonilla-Manrique1, Julio E Posada-Roman2, Jose A Garcia-Souto2
1Electronics Technology Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain. obonilla@ing.uc3m.es.
Abstract:
A sensitive optical microphone for photoacoustic spectroscopy based on the common path topology of a fibre laser Doppler vibrometer (FLDV) using phase-generated carrier demodulation and a slim diaphragm as an acoustic wave transducer was demonstrated. A resonant gas cell was adapted to enhance gas-detection performance and simultaneously provide efficient cancellation of the window background acoustic signal. Ammonia (NH3) was selected as the target gas. The absorption line was experimentally identified using a distributed feedback laser diode emitting at 1530 nm. The linearity and sensitivity of the gas sensor were measured using wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection. A Teflon diaphragm was used to implement the optical microphone, along with the FLDV, showing a minimum detectable pressure of 79.5 μPa/Hz1/2. The noise-equivalent absorption sensitivity for NH3 detection at the absorption line at 1531.7 nm was 1.85 × 10-8 W cm-1 Hz-1/2, and the limit of detection was 785 ppbv.
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