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Related Concept Videos

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

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An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

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Fast 3D chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging with variably-accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE).

Yi Zhang1,2, Hye-Young Heo2, Shanshan Jiang2

  • 1Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|July 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Variably-accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE) now extends to 3D for faster chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. This advanced method achieves significant speed-up without sacrificing image accuracy, improving clinical applications.

Keywords:
amide proton transfer (APT)artifact suppression (AS)chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)fast imagingvariably accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE)

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI is crucial for detecting subtle physiological changes.
  • Accelerated imaging techniques are needed to reduce scan times in clinical MRI.
  • Variably-accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE) has shown promise in 2D imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt and extend the vSENSE method from 2D to 3D for accelerated CEST MRI.
  • To prospectively implement the 3D vSENSE technique in a clinical setting.
  • To evaluate the performance of 3D vSENSE for fast CEST imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and applied 2D and 3D artifact suppression (AS) vSENSE algorithms.
  • Utilized a 3T clinical scanner to acquire CEST data from healthy volunteers and brain tumor patients.
  • Implemented retrospective and prospective acceleration in phase-encoding and slice-encoding dimensions.

Main Results:

  • 2D AS vSENSE halved scan time with negligible reconstruction errors.
  • 3D AS vSENSE enabled up to 8-fold prospective acceleration, achieving a 5-fold overall speed-up.
  • vSENSE-accelerated images showed agreement with conventional SENSE, eliminating slice-encoding artifacts.

Conclusions:

  • The vSENSE method is effectively extended to 3D for accelerated CEST imaging.
  • 3D vSENSE allows for higher acceleration factors than conventional SENSE without compromising accuracy.
  • This technique holds potential for faster and more robust clinical CEST MRI.