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A cadaveric study of the morphology of the extensor hallucis longus - a proposal for a new classification

Łukasz Olewnik1, Michał Podgórski2, Michał Polguj3

  • 1Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. lukasz.olewnik@umed.lodz.pl.

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
|July 4, 2019
PubMed

Insights

The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon shows significant morphological variations, with a new classification identifying three main types based on insertion patterns. Understanding these variations is crucial for anatomical and clinical practice.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Morphology

Background:

  • The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon exhibits morphological variations, primarily concerning accessory tendons and insertion sites.
  • Existing classifications may not fully capture the diversity of EHL tendon anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel classification system for the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon.
  • To detail the morphological variations observed in the EHL tendon.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted classical anatomical dissections on 104 lower limbs (51 right, 53 left).
  • Specimens were preserved in a 10% formalin solution for detailed examination.

Main Results:

  • Observed three main types of EHL tendon morphology: single tendon (Type I, 57.7%), two distal tendons (Type II, with subtypes A, B, C accounting for 29.9%, 4.8%, 5.7% respectively), and three distal tendons (Type III, 1.9%).
  • Type I featured a single tendon inserting onto the distal phalanx of the big toe.
  • Type II and III involved bifurcations or trifurcations of the distal tendon.

Conclusions:

  • The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon displays considerable morphological variability.
  • Accurate knowledge of EHL tendon insertion variations is essential for both clinicians and anatomists.
Abstract

Keywords:
Anatomical studyCadaveric studyExtensor hallucis longus muscleExtensor hallucis longus tendonNew classification

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