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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Cascaded Op Amps01:16

Cascaded Op Amps

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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Laser Microdissection-Based Protocol for the LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Proteomic Profile of Neuromelanin Granules
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Laser Microdissection-Based Protocol for the LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Proteomic Profile of Neuromelanin Granules

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Exploratory proteomic analysis implicates the alternative complement cascade in primary CNS vasculitis.

Caleigh Mandel-Brehm1, Hanna Retallack1, Giselle M Knudsen1

  • 1From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics (C.M.-B., H.R., H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (G.M.K., A.Y.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (T.T.), and Neurology (S.A.J., V.C.D., J.M.G., M.R.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Rheumatology/Immunology (R.A.H.-A., L.H.C.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Division of Neurology (J.M.C.), Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford; Division of Rheumatology (A.G.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Kaiser Permanente (J.F.M.), San Francisco Medical Center; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences (S.A.J., V.C.D., J.M.G., M.R.W.); and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (J.L.D.), San Francisco, CA.

Neurology
|July 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS) revealed complement cascade pathway deregulation. These findings suggest similarities with systemic vasculitides, warranting further investigation.

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