Antiphospholipid syndrome: a clinical review

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Immunology
• Hematology

Background:

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by recurrent thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications.
• It is associated with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies, including lupus anticoagulant, anti-β2-glycoprotein 1, and anticardiolipin.
• APS can be primary or secondary to other autoimmune diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus.

Observation:

• Testing for antiphospholipid antibodies is recommended for patients under 50 with unprovoked thromboembolism.
• Consider testing for unusual thrombosis sites or recurrent pregnancy complications.
• APS diagnosis requires persistent antiphospholipid antibodies alongside clinical events.

Findings:

• The primary treatment for APS is antithrombotic therapy.
• Treatment recommendations are tailored to arterial, venous, or obstetric complications.
• For APS associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, hydroxychloroquine is advised for prophylaxis.

Implications:

• Effective management of APS relies on timely diagnosis and appropriate antithrombotic treatment.
• Understanding the link between antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis is crucial for patient care.
• Further research may refine treatment strategies for APS, especially in complex cases.