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Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...

What is a Sensory System?

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Two-vessel Occlusion Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

Two-vessel Occlusion Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

Published on: March 1, 2019

Proteostasis During Cerebral Ischemia.

Audrey M Thiebaut¹, Elodie Hedou¹, Stefan J Marciniak^2,3

¹INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|July 6, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebral ischemia disrupts brain cell balance (proteostasis), leading to neuronal death. Targeting both ER stress and autophagy pathways together offers new therapeutic strategies for stroke recovery.

Keywords:

ER stress autophagy mTOR proteostasis stroke

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

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Published on: August 18, 2015

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Published on: February 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Pathology

Background:

Cerebral ischemia triggers complex cellular events, disrupting proteostasis and causing neuronal death.
Proteostasis, crucial for brain function, involves protein synthesis, folding, transport, and degradation.
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy are key proteostasis regulators, vital for cell survival but potentially harmful when overactive.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent therapeutic advances for cerebral ischemia focusing on ER stress and autophagy.
To emphasize the interconnectedness of ER stress and autophagy in stroke pathology.
To advocate for a holistic approach to proteostasis in stroke treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent therapeutic strategies.
Analysis of the interplay between ER stress and autophagy in cerebral ischemia.
Synthesis of current understanding of proteostasis regulation in stroke.

Main Results:

UPR and autophagy, while essential, can exacerbate cerebral ischemia when over-activated.
These two pathways can mutually enhance each other's detrimental effects during ischemic events.
Emerging therapies focus on modulating these pathways for stroke treatment.

Conclusions:

Considering proteostasis holistically, encompassing both ER stress and autophagy, is crucial for effective stroke therapy.
Targeting the combined effects of ER stress and autophagy presents a promising avenue for acute and recovery phases of stroke.
Further research into the intricate relationship between these pathways can unlock novel therapeutic interventions for cerebral ischemia.