Implantable Electronic Stimulation Devices from Head to Sacrum: Imaging Features and Functions

Area of Science:

• Radiology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neurology

Background:

• Implantable electronic stimulation devices are used for pain reduction, nerve modulation, and end-organ stimulation.
• These devices share common components: a pulse generator, insulated lead, and electrode.
• Devices are described using a craniocaudal approach, from deep brain stimulation to sacral nerve stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide radiologists with essential background information on various electronic stimulation devices.
• To describe the typical imaging appearance of these devices.
• To aid in the identification of common imaging-diagnosed complications.

Main Methods:

• A craniocaudal review of implantable electronic stimulation devices.
• Description of device components, function, and anatomical targets.
• Discussion of radiology-relevant information and imaging appearances.

Main Results:

• Detailed descriptions of deep brain stimulation, occipital, trigeminal, spinal, cardiac, diaphragmatic, gastric, and sacral nerve stimulation devices.
• Identification of common complications: infection, hematoma, lead migration, and lead breakage.
• Emphasis on understanding normal device appearance for complication detection.

Conclusions:

• Radiologists must understand the components, function, and imaging characteristics of implantable electronic stimulation devices.
• Familiarity with these devices is crucial for accurate diagnosis of complications.
• This knowledge enhances the radiologist's role in patient care involving these implants.