Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

8.3K
In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
8.3K
Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

10.9K
Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
10.9K
Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level01:16

Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level

13.2K
The critical region, critical value, and significance level are interdependent concepts crucial in hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, a sample statistic is converted to a test statistic using z, t, or chi-square distribution. A critical region is an area under the curve in  probability distributions demarcated by the critical value. When the test statistic falls in this region, it suggests that the null hypothesis must be rejected. As this region contains all those values of the...
13.2K
Critical Values01:31

Critical Values

10.2K
A critical value is a definite value obtained from a particular probability distribution at a predecided confidence level (or a predecided significance level) for a given population parameter. The critical value provides demarcation that separates the sample statistics that are likely to occur from the ones that are unlikely to occur based on the given probability distribution and the population parameter to be estimated. The critical value for normal distribution is obtained from the z...
10.2K
Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

40.0K
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
40.0K
Normal Stress01:19

Normal Stress

1.4K
Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
When a rod is under axial loading, the internal forces and corresponding stress are normal to the plane of the section, so it is termed normal stress. It's important to...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Arterial Spin Labeled Cerebral Blood Flow to Diagnose Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Pilot Study.

World neurosurgery·2026
Same author

Beneficial Effects of Olive Oil and the Mediterranean Diet on Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: A Review.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Climate change and brain health, a risk management approach focusing on the European region: A narrative review.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same author

Prevalence of subjective cognitive decline with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in a community-based Chinese cohort.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026
Same author

Towards a Latin American neuropsychiatry: challenges and opportunities.

Lancet regional health. Americas·2025
Same author

Low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized clinical trial.

Alzheimer's research & therapy·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

10.2K

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: A critical review.

Louise Makarem Oliveira1, Ricardo Nitrini2, Gustavo C Román3

  • 1Medical Student, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Dementia & Neuropsychologia
|July 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a reversible cause of dementia and falls in the elderly. Early diagnosis and expert assessment are crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes.

Keywords:
cerebral blood flowfallsincontinencenormal-pressure hydrocephalusreversible dementiaspinal tap test

More Related Videos

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System
10:52

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.9K
Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

11.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

10.2K
Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System
10:52

Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.9K
Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

11.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome characterized by ventriculomegaly, cognitive impairment, gait apraxia, and urinary incontinence.
  • It is a significant cause of potentially reversible dementia, falls, and infections in the elderly population.
  • NPH can be idiopathic or secondary, presenting diagnostic challenges due to incomplete or nonspecific clinical and imaging features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the concept, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic and secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and the importance of expert assessment to minimize unsuccessful surgical treatments.
  • To explore recent advances and new avenues for understanding and treating NPH.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Medline and PubMed databases from January 2012 to December 2018.
  • Keywords included "normal-pressure hydrocephalus", "idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus", "secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus", "NPH", and "ventriculoperitoneal shunt".
  • An initial search yielded 341 articles, with 54 selected for review, supplemented by additional relevant studies.

Main Results:

  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a critical, potentially reversible cause of dementia, frequent falls, and recurrent urinary infections in the elderly.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise from incomplete or nonspecific clinical and imaging features, often necessitating expert evaluation.
  • Emerging non-invasive MRI techniques like arterial spin-labeling (ASL) for cerebral blood flow quantification and the association with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) present new research directions.

Conclusions:

  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) requires expert assessment for accurate diagnosis and to guide appropriate treatment, often involving shunting.
  • Minimizing unsuccessful surgical treatments is paramount, emphasizing the need for precise diagnostic criteria.
  • Advances in neuroimaging and understanding comorbidities like OSA offer promising future avenues for NPH management.