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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.0K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid Hormone Action and Energy Expenditure.

Sahzene Yavuz1, Silvia Salgado Nunez Del Prado1, Francesco S Celi1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|July 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones significantly impact energy expenditure and metabolism. This review clarifies their role in health, disease, and the effects of hormone replacement therapy on energy balance.

Keywords:
energy expenditureenergy metabolismindirect calorimetrythyroid 11 dysfunctionthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial regulators of energy metabolism, influencing nearly all pathways.
  • Thyroid hormone receptors are widespread, affecting multiple systems throughout life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical relevance of thyroid hormone action in normal physiology and disorders.
  • To examine the effects of thyroid hormone therapy on energy expenditure.
  • To explore how energy status changes influence the thyroid hormone axis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on thyroid hormone action and energy metabolism.
  • Analysis of historical and current methods for assessing thyroid hormone effects.
  • Synthesis of data on subclinical thyroid dysfunction and hormone replacement therapy.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones modulate all components of energy expenditure.
  • Clinical assessment evolved from energy expenditure measurements to immunoassays.
  • Controversy exists regarding moderate thyroid dysfunction's impact on energy expenditure and weight.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone action is vital in energy homeostasis.
  • Further research is needed on subclinical dysfunction and therapy effects on energy expenditure and body weight.