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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
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Active cargo positioning in antiparallel transport networks.

Mathieu Richard1,2, Carles Blanch-Mercader1,2, Hajer Ennomani3

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Molecular motors on beads navigate actin networks, moving towards regions of neutral polarity. This cargo transport and positioning depend on motor type and network structure, revealing fundamental physical rules.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cytoskeletal networks form complex environments for molecular motor-driven cargo transport.
  • Understanding how network architecture and motor properties influence transport is crucial but poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate stochastic transport properties of colloidal beads in antiparallel actin filament networks.
  • Determine the physical rules governing cargo positioning within complex cytoskeletal architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized surface micropatterns of actin polymerization to create controlled antiparallel networks.
  • Coated 200-nm colloidal beads with myosin Va and heavy-mero-myosin II motors.
  • Analyzed bead movement using a diffusion-drift model and a 3-state stochastic model.

Main Results:

  • Beads coated with myosin Va and myosin II motors moved towards actin network regions with vanishing net polarity.
  • Bead accumulation was governed by spatial profiles of local velocity and diffusion.
  • Myosin II motors exhibited steeper velocity gradients but less precise positioning due to higher diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • Cargo transport and positioning in mixed-polarity networks follow physical rules dictated by motor-protein dynamics and network polarity gradients.
  • A 3-state model accurately describes the biased random walk behavior of active beads.
  • Cargo positioning precision depends on network polarity gradients and motor run length.