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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

860
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
860
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

543
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
543
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

639
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
639
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

479
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
479
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

473
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
473
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

362
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
362

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess
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Posterior Approach for a Cemented Hemiarthroplasty.

Kyle A Petersen1, Craig Siesel, Chad Broering

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Summa Health Systems, Akron, OH.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
|July 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This video shows a common displaced femoral neck fracture treated with cemented hemiarthroplasty using a posterior surgical approach. This method is a safe and reproducible technique for managing these frequent hip injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Femoral neck fractures are prevalent, with over one million cases annually.
  • Surgical hip arthroplasty is a common treatment for these fractures.

Observation:

  • This video details a specific case of a displaced femoral neck fracture.
  • The fracture was managed using a cemented hemiarthroplasty.
  • A posterior surgical approach was utilized for the procedure.

Findings:

  • The posterior approach for cemented hemiarthroplasty is presented as a viable treatment option.
  • The technique is demonstrated to be safe and reproducible for displaced femoral neck fractures.

Implications:

  • Highlights the utility of the posterior approach in managing femoral neck fractures.
  • Provides a visual guide for orthopedic surgeons performing cemented hemiarthroplasty.
  • Contributes to the understanding of effective surgical techniques for common hip injuries.