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Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding
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Nonuniform Crowding Enhances Transport.

Matthew Collins, Farzad Mohajerani, Subhadip Ghosh

    ACS Nano
    |July 11, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nonuniform crowder molecule gradients enhance tracer particle transport in cellular cytoplasm. This phenomenon, driven by volume exclusion, moves particles towards lower crowder concentrations, offering insights into intracellular transport.

    Keywords:
    cytosoldiffusiophoresisdirected transportmacromolecular crowdingmicrofluidicssoft matter

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    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Cell Biology
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Cellular cytoplasm is a crowded environment, with macromolecules occupying up to 40% of the volume.
    • Previous research indicated dampened diffusion of tracer particles in uniformly crowded solutions due to increased viscosity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effect of nonuniform crowder macromolecule concentrations on tracer particle transport.
    • To explore a previously unexamined scenario of enhanced transport driven by crowder gradients.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental studies involving tracer particles in gradients of polymeric crowders.
    • Theoretical modeling to explain the observed transport mechanisms based on hard-sphere interactions and volume exclusion.

    Main Results:

    • Tracer particles exhibited transport rates several times higher than their bulk diffusion rate in crowder gradients.
    • Transport was directed towards regions of lower crowder concentration.
    • Soft deformable particles showed greater transport enhancement than hard particles.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonuniform crowder distributions can significantly enhance tracer transport, contrary to expectations from uniform distributions.
    • Volume exclusion and induced convective motion are key mechanisms driving this enhanced transport.
    • Findings provide new perspectives on multicomponent intracellular transport dynamics.