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Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Types of Selection01:46

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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Helminth Collection and Identification from Wildlife
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Selected Wildlife Trematodes.

Matthew G Bolek1, Jillian T Detwiler2, Heather A Stigge3

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. bolek@okstate.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Wildlife trematodes, a diverse parasite group, present taxonomic challenges. This review offers a toolkit for studying these complex organisms in amphibians, birds, and mammals, aiding identification and understanding host interactions.

Keywords:
Amphibian parasitesBird and mammal parasitesCryptic speciesLife cyclesTrematodesWildlife

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Wildlife Biology
  • Taxonomy

Background:

  • Trematodes represent a highly diverse parasitic group, with over 24,000 estimated species.
  • The taxonomy and nomenclature of many described wildlife trematodes are confusing and difficult to interpret.
  • Understanding wildlife trematodes is crucial for ecological and health assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review selected trematodes of wildlife (amphibians, birds, mammals) and their snail intermediate hosts.
  • To provide a practical toolkit for studying wildlife trematodes.
  • To address the challenges in identifying and understanding the biology and host interactions of wildlife trematodes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of selected wildlife trematode groups.
  • Introduction to each group of wildlife trematodes.
  • Examples illustrating identification and biological challenges.

Main Results:

  • Highlights the species richness of trematodes.
  • Identifies significant taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion in wildlife trematode descriptions.
  • Presents challenges in identifying and understanding trematode biology and host interactions.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive toolkit is needed to navigate the complexities of wildlife trematode study.
  • Improved taxonomic clarity and biological understanding are essential for effective wildlife trematode research.
  • This review serves as a foundational resource for researchers in the field.