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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Higher-Order Quantum Ghost Imaging with Ultracold Atoms.

S S Hodgman¹, W Bu¹, S B Mann¹

¹Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.

Physical Review Letters

|July 13, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated higher-order atomic ghost imaging using entangled ultracold helium atoms. This technique improves image visibility by utilizing higher-order correlations, marking a first for massive particles.

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Published on: March 30, 2017

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

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Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

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Area of Science:

Quantum optics
Atomic physics
Quantum information science

Background:

Ghost imaging typically uses second-order photon correlations.
Higher-order correlations offer potential for improved imaging performance.
Quantum entanglement is key to advanced imaging techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate higher-order atomic ghost imaging.
To utilize entangled ultracold metastable helium atoms for ghost imaging.
To investigate the impact of higher-order correlations on image quality.

Main Methods:

Generating entangled ultracold metastable helium atoms via s-wave collision halo.
Implementing higher-order correlation measurements.
Reconstructing ghost images up to fifth order.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated higher-order atomic ghost imaging.
Achieved improved image visibility using higher-order correlations.
Maintained image resolution while enhancing visibility.

Conclusions:

Higher-order atomic ghost imaging is feasible using entangled massive particles.
This work represents the first demonstration of higher-order ghost imaging with massive particles.
The findings pave the way for novel quantum imaging protocols.