Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 22, 2026
05:49
Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design
Published on: September 19, 2025
459
Development of a new 360-degree surface topography application.
R Michalik1, H Siebers1, J Eschweiler1
1Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Gait & Posture
|July 13, 2019
Summary
A new 360° torso scanning application using surface topography offers a valid and reliable method for radiation-free measurement of spinal posture. This technology aids in better diagnosis and treatment of spinal pathologies.
Area of Science:
- Medical Imaging
- Biomedical Engineering
- Orthopedics
Background:
- Surface topography has been utilized for nearly two decades for radiation-free clinical evaluation of spinal posture.
- Current methods are limited to analyzing the back surface and spine.
- Comprehensive torso measurement is crucial for understanding, diagnosing, and treating complex spinal pathologies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce and validate a novel application for 360° reconstruction and analysis of the patient's torso.
- To assess the accuracy and reliability of this new surface topography application.
Main Methods:
- The application integrates data from eight distinct scans and angles.
- Validation involved comparing surface topography measurements with CT scans on an Alderson phantom.
- Inter- and intra-rater reliability was assessed in 35 healthy subjects.
Main Results:
- Good correspondence was observed between surface topography and CT measurements of the Alderson phantom (5.3-0.5%).
- High inter- (0.9-0.98) and intra-rater reliability (0.8-0.95) were achieved for most body surface structure measurements.
- Moderate reliability was noted for area and volume measurements using the jugular notch as a reference (0.62-0.93).
Conclusions:
- A novel 360° torso scanning application utilizing surface topography has been successfully developed.
- The study demonstrates high validity and reliability for reconstructing torso measurements.
- Further testing in patients with spinal pathologies is warranted to establish clinical utility.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Methods of Obtaining Topography
300
Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...
300
01:24One-Degree-of-Freedom System
818
In mechanical engineering, one-degree-of-freedom systems form the basis of a wide range of electrical and mechanical components. Using these models, engineers can predict the behavior of various parts in a larger system, which gives them insight into how different forces interact with each other.
A one-degree-of-freedom system is defined by an independent variable that determines its state and behavior. One example of a one-degree-of-freedom system is a simple harmonic oscillator, such as a...
A one-degree-of-freedom system is defined by an independent variable that determines its state and behavior. One example of a one-degree-of-freedom system is a simple harmonic oscillator, such as a...
818
01:02Degrees of Freedom
6.8K
The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. Thus, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.
6.8K
01:02Degrees of Freedom
9.4K
The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...
9.4K
02:05Degree of Unsaturation
10.4K
The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
10.4K
01:19Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature
477
The degree of curvature and the radius of curvature are fundamental concepts in determining the sharpness or smoothness of a curve. The degree of curvature is a measure of how steeply a curve bends and can be determined using the chord basis or the arc basis. In the chord basis method, the degree of curvature is defined as the central angle subtended by a chord of 30.48 meters, helping in the calculation of the radius of the curve. The arc basis method defines the degree of...
477