Irradiance and light quality affect two annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars with contrasting bixin production

Light is a key factor influencing growth and development in plants. Specific irradiance and light quality can improve development and production of secondary compounds such as carotenoids during plant tissue culture. Bixin and norbixin, two apocarotenoids obtained from the seeds of Bixa orellana L. (annatto), are used as natural dyes in various industries. While annatto tissue culture has been successful, the effect of light in this species remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze for the first time the effect of irradiance regime (50, 150, 50 + 150, 200, 50 + 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and light spectral quality (fluorescent, white, blue/red LED) on in vitro development of apexes and bixin content in two contrasting bixin-producing varieties of B. orellana, namely 'Piave Vermelha' and 'UESB74'. The number of leaves per plant, stomatal density, leaf area, leaf expansion, chlorophylls and carotenoids content, malondialdehyde and bixin content were analyzed in the leaves of both cultivars. 'Piave Vermelha' produced 1.6-fold more bixin than 'UESB74'. Stomata cells of both cultivars had a paracytic arrangement with peltate trichomes along the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. 'Piave Vermelha' preferred blue/red LED light; whereas fluorescent light was optimal for 'UESB74'. Under fluorescent light, an irradiance of 50 μmol m^-2 s^-1 is indicated for both cultivars. LED light increased bixin content only in 'Piave Vermelha', suggesting that the dye biosynthetic pathway is genotype-dependent. The present findings suggest the possibility of using light to modulate the bixin biosynthetic pathway.