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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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Pediatric pituitary adenomas.

Patrick C Walz1,2, Annie Drapeau3,4, Ammar Shaikhouni3,4

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. Patrick.walz@nationwidechildrens.org.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|July 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric pituitary adenomas, rare brain tumors in children, often secrete hormones, impacting development. This review covers their diagnosis, surgical and medical management, and multidisciplinary care approaches.

Keywords:
EndonasalPediatricPituitary adenomaSkull base

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurosurgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric oncology

Background:

  • Pediatric pituitary adenomas are rare intracranial tumors in children and adolescents.
  • Despite being benign, most are functional, secreting hormones that can significantly impact a child's growth and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the medical and surgical management of pediatric pituitary adenomas.
  • To discuss current treatment paradigms, including diagnostic identification, surgical approaches (endoscopic, open, combined), and adjuvant therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric pituitary adenomas.
  • Discussion of multidisciplinary team approaches in managing these complex cases.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric pituitary adenomas present unique challenges due to their rarity and functional status.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons, endocrinologists, and neuroanesthesiologists is crucial for comprehensive care.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric pituitary adenomas requires a coordinated, multidisciplinary strategy.
  • Tailored surgical and medical interventions, alongside adjuvant therapies, are essential for optimizing outcomes in affected children.