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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
Published on: January 15, 2014
Site-specific conjugation of antifreeze proteins onto polymer-stabilized nanoparticles
Laura E Wilkins1, Muhammad Hasan1, Alice E R Fayter1
1Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
Abstract:
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have many potential applications, ranging from cryobiology to aerospace, if they can be incorporated into materials. Here, a range of engineered AFP mutants were prepared and site-specifically conjugated onto RAFT polymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles to generate new hybrid multivalent ice growth inhibitors. Only the SNAP-tagged AFPs lead to potent 'antifreeze' active nanomaterials with His-Tag capture resulting in no activity, showing the mode of conjugation is essential. This versatile strategy will enable the development of multivalent AFPs for translational and fundamental studies.
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