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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...

Nucleic Acid Structure

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Characterizing Novel Enzymes from Extremophiles and Common Pathogens to Understand DNA Repair and Replication

Author Spotlight: Characterizing Novel Enzymes from Extremophiles and Common Pathogens to Understand DNA Repair and Replication

Published on: July 5, 2024

Nucleic acid enzymes based on functionalized nucleosides.

Marcel Hollenstein¹

¹Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

|July 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores chemical modifications to enhance DNAzymes and ribozymes, addressing limitations like poor pharmacokinetics and nuclease degradation for improved biocatalyst applications.

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Last Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Characterizing Novel Enzymes from Extremophiles and Common Pathogens to Understand DNA Repair and Replication

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Published on: July 5, 2024

Kinetic Screening of Nuclease Activity using Nucleic Acid Probes

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A Polyaniline-based Sensor of Nucleic Acids

A Polyaniline-based Sensor of Nucleic Acids

Published on: November 1, 2016

Area of Science:

Biocatalysis
Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Nucleic acid-based enzymes, including natural ribozymes and engineered DNAzymes, are emerging as powerful biocatalysts.
Despite their catalytic versatility, practical applications are hindered by poor pharmacokinetics, cellular uptake, and susceptibility to degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review chemical modification strategies for improving the functional properties of nucleic acid-based enzymes, particularly DNAzymes.
To summarize recent advancements in post-SELEX processing and selection of modified DNAzymes and ribozymes.

Main Methods:

Review of chemical modification approaches for nucleic acid catalysts.
Summary of post-SELEX processing techniques.
Discussion of selection strategies using modified nucleoside triphosphates.

Main Results:

Identified two primary chemical approaches for modifying nucleic acid enzymes.
Highlighted methods to improve pharmacokinetic properties and cellular uptake.
Summarized advancements in selecting modified DNAzymes and ribozymes.

Conclusions:

Chemical modifications are crucial for overcoming limitations of nucleic acid enzymes.
Post-SELEX processing and selection with modified nucleoside triphosphates offer promising avenues for enhanced DNAzyme and ribozyme applications.