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Induced-fit Model01:13

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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Induced Electric Fields01:23

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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Imatinib Mesylate Induced Erythroderma.

Snehal Lunge1, Rohan Bhise2

  • 1Assistant Prof., Dept. of Dermatology, JNMC, BELGAum, Karnataka.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
|July 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Imatinib is an effective anticancer drug for chronic myeloid leukemia, generally well-tolerated. Rarely, it can cause severe skin reactions like erythroderma, as seen in a case report.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Imatinib is a targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in cancer therapy.
  • It demonstrates significant efficacy in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • While generally well-tolerated, adverse events can occur.

Observation:

  • The study presents a case of a 55-year-old female patient.
  • The patient initially developed a maculopapular rash.
  • Erythroderma developed upon continued imatinib treatment.

Findings:

  • Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective for chronic myeloid leukemia.
  • Common side effects include skin eruptions and edema.
  • Severe reactions, including exfoliative dermatitis, are rare but possible.

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Implications:

  • This case highlights a rare but severe dermatological adverse reaction to imatinib.
  • Clinicians should be vigilant for severe skin reactions in patients receiving imatinib.
  • Further monitoring may be warranted for patients experiencing skin manifestations.