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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Drosophila transcriptomics with and without ageing.

Thomas T Barter1, Zachary S Greenspan2, Mark A Phillips2,3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. ttbarter317@gmail.com.

Biogerontology
|July 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating gene expression in fruit flies reveals that recent selection significantly impacts aging, with a small percentage of genes showing differential expression between early and postponed aging populations. This study highlights the importance of experimental evolution in understanding complex traits like aging.

Keywords:
AgeingDrosophila melanogasterExperimental evolutionLife history traitsTranscriptome differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • The genetic underpinnings of aging remain largely elusive despite extensive research.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of aging is crucial for developing interventions to promote healthy longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genes with altered expression levels associated with differential aging phenotypes.
  • To compare the impact of recent versus distant evolutionary history on the transcriptome in experimentally evolved populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 20 experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations under distinct life-history selection regimes (early vs. postponed aging).
  • Analyzed female transcriptome data at two time points to identify differentially expressed genes.
  • Applied three sets of criteria to assess gene expression changes and functional enrichment.

Main Results:

  • Found 2.1-15.7% of expressed genes (82-629) associated with differential aging between population sets.
  • Observed minimal transcriptome differentiation between recently derived and long-standing populations, indicating recent selection's stronger influence.
  • Discovered limited overlap with previously identified aging-related genes, potentially due to high replication and population differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Recent selection regimes have a more pronounced effect on the transcriptome than distant evolutionary history in the context of aging.
  • Highly replicated, experimentally evolved populations are valuable for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits like aging.
  • Genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data integration in such designs can enhance the discovery of aging-related genes.