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Related Concept Videos

Band Theory02:35

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
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Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band

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Hemorrhoid Banding: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Ohmar P Coughlin1,2, Moriah E Wright1,2, Alan G Thorson1,2

  • 1Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska.

Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
|July 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sequential hemorrhoid banding therapy is a cost-effective treatment, with 94% resolution and significantly lower costs than surgery. Continued banding remains the dominant cost-effective option for persistent disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Colorectal Surgery
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Hemorrhoid banding is an effective, low-cost treatment for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids.
  • Limited data exists on the cumulative cost-effectiveness of sequential banding versus surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the cost-effectiveness of sequential hemorrhoid banding therapy.
  • To compare sequential banding with hypothetical surgical interventions for hemorrhoids.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of billing records for patients treated between 2012-2017.
  • Development of a decision-analytic cost-effectiveness model.
  • Application of cost estimates and quality-of-life predictions to treatment patterns.

Main Results:

  • 94% of 2026 patients achieved resolution with sequential banding; 6% required delayed surgery.
  • Average cumulative cost for banding was $723, with a quality-of-life deficit of -0.00234 QALYs.
  • Surgical interventions were significantly more expensive and resulted in worse quality-of-life deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Hemorrhoid banding offers favorable cost-effectiveness for most patients.
  • Sequential banding is a valuable treatment modality, often avoiding surgery.
  • Continued banding is the dominant cost-effective therapy for persistent hemorrhoid disease.