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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
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Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity02:24

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

21.5K
It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo
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Advances in Retinal Optical Imaging.

Yanxiu Li1,2, Xiaobo Xia2, Yannis M Paulus1,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.

Photonics
|July 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in retinal imaging technologies have revolutionized eye care, enabling earlier disease detection and improved diagnosis. These optical imaging techniques offer better visualization of retinal conditions for enhanced patient outcomes.

Keywords:
adaptive optics (AO)age-related macular degeneration (AMD)choroidal neovascularization (CNV)diabetic retinopathy (DR)fundus autofluorescencemolecular imagingoptical coherence tomography (OCT)optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)optical imagingphotoacoustic microscopyretinaretinal vein occlusions (RVO)scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO)

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Imaging Technology

Background:

  • Retinal imaging has advanced significantly over 50 years, improving understanding of eye health and disease.
  • Hardware (lasers, optics) and software (image analysis) innovations drive progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances and applications in retinal optical imaging.
  • To discuss current clinical challenges and future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key optical imaging modalities: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), OCT Angiography (OCTA), Photoacoustic Microscopy (PAM), Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO), Adaptive Optics (AO), Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF), and Molecular Imaging (MI).
  • Analysis of technological improvements in hardware and software for retinal imaging.

Main Results:

  • Optical imaging modalities provide enhanced visualization of retinal pathophysiology.
  • Technological advancements facilitate early disease detection, accurate diagnosis, and improved management of chorioretinal diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal optical imaging has substantially impacted medical research and clinical practice.
  • Continued innovation in imaging techniques promises further improvements in diagnosing and managing eye diseases.