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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Smart Software Can Increase Sit-Stand Desk Transitions During Active Computer Use.

Pankaj Sharma1, Adam Pickens1, Ranjana Mehta1

  • 1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|July 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer prompts significantly increased sit-stand desk usage among university staff, doubling desk position changes. This intervention shows promise for promoting physical activity at the workstation.

Keywords:
office physical activitysedentary behaviorsoftware

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational health
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Ergonomics

Background:

  • Objective evaluation of adjustable sit-stand desks is limited by a lack of effective digital methods.
  • Promoting physical activity in sedentary work environments is a public health concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of computer prompt software on sit-stand desk usage.
  • To determine if software reminders increase the frequency of desk position changes.

Main Methods:

  • A five-month, pre-post pilot study involving 47 university staff members.
  • Utilized a novel USB accelerometer sensor for continuous desk usage recording.
  • Implemented personalized computer software reminders to prompt increased desk usage.

Main Results:

  • The intervention doubled the number of desk position changes per workday.
  • Desk position changes increased from 1 every 2 workdays to 1 per workday.
  • The percentage of participants changing positions 1-2 times daily rose from 4% to 36%.

Conclusions:

  • Personalized computer prompts are effective in increasing sit-stand desk usage.
  • Further research is needed to assess long-term behavior sustainability and health benefits.
  • Encouraging results suggest potential for improving workplace physical activity.