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Bystander activation and autoimmunity.

Yovana Pacheco1, Yeny Acosta-Ampudia1, Diana M Monsalve1

  • 1Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|July 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors interact with genetics to influence autoimmune disease (AD) risk. This review explores bystander activation, a key mechanism in AD development, where immune cells activate without direct antigen recognition.

Keywords:
Auto-reactive T cellsAutoimmune diseasesBystander activationCytokinesInfectionT-cell activation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Environmental Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (ADs) result from complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
  • Environmental triggers, including pathogens, xenobiotics, drugs, vaccines, and nutrition, are implicated in AD development.
  • Key mechanisms proposed for autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and define the role of bystander activation in the development of systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
  • To elucidate how an inflammatory milieu, co-signaling, and cell-cell interactions contribute to antigen-independent immune cell activation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating bystander activation in autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of mechanisms driving auto-reactive B and T cell activation in an antigen-independent manner.

Main Results:

  • Bystander activation is a significant mechanism contributing to the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases.
  • The inflammatory environment and cellular interactions are crucial for initiating bystander activation.
  • Individual host differences and variable disease latency complicate the understanding of AD etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Bystander activation offers a critical pathway for initiating autoimmunity, independent of direct antigen exposure.
  • Understanding bystander activation is essential for unraveling the complex etiology of autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research is needed to fully comprehend the interplay of factors leading to loss of immune tolerance.