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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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Steady State Concentration01:05

Steady State Concentration

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A steady state refers to the level of a drug in the body once it has reached an equilibrium between administration and elimination. It represents the point at which the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate, resulting in a relatively constant concentration in the body over time. The dynamic equilibrium is crucial to ensure the drug's effectiveness with minimal risk of toxicity.
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Steady-state, Pre-steady-state, and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity
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Programmable dynamic steady states in ATP-driven nonequilibrium DNA systems.

Laura Heinen1,2,3, Andreas Walther1,2,3,4

  • 1Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

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Summary
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Chemically fueled synthetic systems achieve synchronized energy uptake and dissipation for dynamic materials. This breakthrough enables programmable and adaptive structural dynamics in nonequilibrium soft matter.

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Area of Science:

  • * Materials Science
  • * Chemical Engineering
  • * Biochemistry

Background:

  • * Dissipative self-assembly in biological systems, like microtubules, inspires synthetic nonequilibrium materials.
  • * Achieving programmable and adaptive structural dynamics in synthetic systems is challenging due to difficulties in controlling energy uptake and dissipation.
  • * Existing supramolecular systems struggle with orthogonal control over these energy dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To demonstrate the synchronization of energy uptake and dissipation in synthetic systems.
  • * To develop a method for creating programmable and adaptive nonequilibrium soft matter.
  • * To enable generic access to dynamic covalent DNA polymers with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized an enzymatic reaction network with concurrent ligation and cleavage of covalent DNA bonds.
  • * Employed adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a chemical fuel for activating and dynamizing DNA bonds.
  • * Investigated the influence of bond ratio and exchange frequency on energy dissipation kinetics.

Main Results:

  • * Achieved full synchronization of energy uptake and dissipation through ATP-fueled enzymatic DNA bond dynamics.
  • * Demonstrated that bond ratio and exchange frequency are imprinted in and tunable via the network's energy dissipation.
  • * Introduced temporally and structurally programmable dynamics in transient DNA polymers.
  • * Showcased adaptive steady-state properties dependent on ATP fuel and enzyme concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • * The developed enzymatic network provides orthogonal control over energy dynamics in synthetic systems.
  • * This approach enables the creation of soft matter with programmable and adaptive structural dynamics.
  • * Offers a generic pathway to advanced nonequilibrium materials with tunable properties.