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Related Concept Videos

RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Synthetic Biology02:55

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Synthetic DNA and RNA Programming.

Patrick O'Donoghue1,2, Ilka U Heinemann3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada. patrick.odonoghue@uwo.ca.

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|July 25, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biology advances molecular and cellular understanding, revealing disease mechanisms. This special issue explores novel synthetic RNA and DNA programming approaches for biological insights.

Keywords:
RNA metabolismgenetic code expansiongenome editinggenome synthesismicroRNAprotein modificationsynthetic biologytRNAunnatural amino acidsunnatural nucleotides

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Protein engineering
  • RNA engineering
  • Omics technologies

Background:

  • Recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, protein and RNA engineering, and omics technologies have transformed cellular and disease mechanism research.
  • Synthetic biology leverages these technologies to provide novel approaches for scientific inquiry.

Discussion:

  • This special issue focuses on synthetic RNA and DNA programming.
  • It highlights original research and reviews on novel synthetic biology applications.
  • These applications uncover fundamental molecular biology and disease mechanisms.

Key Insights:

  • Synthetic biology enables deeper understanding of cellular processes.
  • Novel synthetic approaches are crucial for revealing the molecular basis of diseases.
  • The integration of various 'omics' technologies fuels synthetic biology advancements.

Outlook:

  • Continued development in synthetic biology promises further breakthroughs in understanding life.
  • Future research will likely focus on sophisticated RNA and DNA programming.
  • This field holds potential for innovative disease diagnostics and therapeutics.