Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

14.5K
Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
14.5K
Electro-mechanical Systems01:19

Electro-mechanical Systems

1.6K
Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...
1.6K
Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

74.4K
Dipole Moment of a Molecule
74.4K
pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

79.0K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
79.0K
VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes02:52

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

84.0K
Overview of VSEPR Theory
84.0K
Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

61.4K
Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
61.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The contemporary academic landscape of penile prosthesis surgery: a bibliometric analysis.

The journal of sexual medicine·2026
Same author

Histological findings after subretinal implantation of the PRIMA photovoltaic array in patients with geographic atrophy due to AMD.

Ophthalmology. Retina·2026
Same author

Residual photoreceptors affect the response of a degenerate retina to electrical stimulation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Maximizing the fidelity of a photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis for human patients.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Simulation of prosthetic vision with the PRIMA system and enhancement of face representation.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

High-resolution cortical mapping within and across the central sulcus using 1024-electrode micro-electrocorticography arrays: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
11:16

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

16.7K

Honeycomb-shaped electro-neural interface enables cellular-scale pixels in subretinal prosthesis.

Thomas Flores1,2, Tiffany Huang3, Mohajeet Bhuckory4,5

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. tomflo@stanford.edu.

Scientific Reports
|July 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A novel honeycomb electrode array design allows for smaller pixels in visual prostheses by guiding retinal cells. This 3D approach may restore vision for age-related macular degeneration patients.

More Related Videos

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
05:21

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.3K
The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Published on: January 19, 2019

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
11:16

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

16.7K
Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
05:21

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.3K
The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Published on: January 19, 2019

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • High-resolution visual prostheses are limited by electrode size and electric field penetration.
  • Miniaturization of pixels in planar electrode arrays is constrained by physics.
  • Restoring vision for conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) requires advanced retinal implants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel 3D honeycomb electrode array configuration for visual prostheses.
  • To overcome the limitations of planar electrode arrays in achieving high-resolution retinal stimulation.
  • To enable the creation of smaller, densely packed pixels for improved visual acuity.

Main Methods:

  • A novel honeycomb electrode array with vertically separated active and return electrodes was designed.
  • Retinal cell migration into subretinal voids of the honeycomb structure was investigated.
  • Electrical field modeling was used to assess stimulation thresholds.
  • Immune response to the honeycomb arrays was compared to planar arrays.

Main Results:

  • Inner retinal cells migrated into 18 μm narrow honeycomb wells (25 μm deep), with over 50% residing within cavities.
  • Immune response to honeycomb arrays was comparable to planar arrays.
  • Modeled stimulation threshold current density did not increase substantially with reduced pixel size in honeycombs, unlike planar arrays.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D honeycomb electrode configuration enables pixel miniaturization to cellular dimensions.
  • This design leverages retinal cell migration to enhance stimulation.
  • The technology holds promise for restoring central vision with acuity better than 20/100 in AMD patients.