Migration of lymphocytes through endothelial cell monolayers: augmentation by interferon-gamma

During normal lymphocyte recirculation and in chronic inflammation, lymphocytes emigrate from blood into the perivascular tissue. The mechanism of lymphocyte migration through the endothelial cell (EC) layer of blood vessels is poorly understood. To identify factors that control lymphocyte emigration, a method has been developed to measure human peripheral blood lymphocyte migration through monolayers of human umbilical vein EC and into nitrocellulose (NC) filters located below the EC monolayer. Counts were made of lymphocytes that had migrated into the NC filter using a particle counter. T lymphocytes attached to and migrated through EC monolayers in a T-cell-number- and time-dependent fashion. Migration required viable EC since lymphocytes failed to migrate through formaldehyde-fixed EC monolayers or monolayers of dermal fibroblasts. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) markedly augmented the migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner when preincubated with the EC. When T lymphocytes were pretreated with IFN-gamma, no increase in migration was observed. Finally, IFN-gamma augmented the migration of T cells prebound to the EC, indicating that the IFN-gamma-enhanced migration was not due to increased binding of T cells to the EC, but rather to an action on the EC to facilitate subsequent migration.