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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Multifunctional Chitosan/Gold Nanoparticles Coatings for Biomedical Textiles.

Iris O Silva1, Rasiah Ladchumananandasivam1, José Heriberto O Nascimento2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study successfully immobilized gold nanoparticles onto soybean fabric, creating a multifunctional material with enhanced UV protection and significant antimicrobial properties against common bacteria. The innovative coating shows promise for biomedical applications.

Keywords:
UV-light protectionantimicrobialbiodegradable soybean fibreschitosangold nanoparticlesmultifunctional textiles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Textile Engineering

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) offer unique optical and antimicrobial properties.
  • Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer with potential for functionalizing textiles.
  • Soybean knitted fabric provides a sustainable textile base for material innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for immobilizing gold nanoparticles onto chitosan-treated soybean fabric.
  • To characterize the physicochemical properties of the functionalized fabric.
  • To evaluate the fabric's performance in UV protection, thermal stability, wash durability, and antimicrobial activity.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via citrate reduction.
  • Immobilization of AuNPs onto chitosan-treated soybean fabric using an exhaustion method.
  • Characterization using spectrophotometric reflectance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
  • Assessment of ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), thermal stability, wash durability, and antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Main Results:

  • Spherical AuNPs (≈35 nm) were successfully synthesized and immobilized.
  • Spectroscopic and elemental analyses confirmed the presence and strong binding of chitosan and AuNPs.
  • The functionalized fabric exhibited enhanced thermal stability and a UPF of +50 for effective UV shielding.
  • The fabric demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, reducing Staphylococcus aureus adhesion by 99.94% and Escherichia coli by 96.26%, with good wash durability (up to 5 cycles).

Conclusions:

  • The engineered soybean fabric possesses multifunctional properties, including excellent optical characteristics, UV protection, and potent antimicrobial capabilities.
  • The combined functionalization with chitosan and gold nanoparticles significantly enhances the fabric's performance compared to individual treatments.
  • These multifunctional textiles hold considerable potential for diverse biomedical applications due to their combined protective and antimicrobial features.