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Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Come to the Light Side: In Vivo Monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in Chronic Wounds in a Diabetic Hairless Murine Model
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Lignin-Based Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oils: Potential for Diabetic Foot Infection Management.

Joana M Domingues1,2, Jennifer Noro2,3, Ramón Novoa-Carballal4

  • 1Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal.

ACS Materials Au
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encapsulating Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil in lignin-based nanoparticles enhances its stability and therapeutic potential for diabetic foot infections. These nanoparticles show antibacterial and antioxidant properties while reducing cytotoxicity, aiding wound healing.

Keywords:
antimicrobialdiabetic foot infectionsligninnanoparticlesnatural compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Essential oils (EOs) are potent agents for wound healing, but their clinical use is hindered by instability and degradation.
  • Encapsulation strategies, particularly using nanoparticles (NPs), can improve EO stability, solubility, and controlled release.
  • Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) require effective antimicrobial and wound-healing treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate lignin-based polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles loaded with Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EO).
  • To assess the efficacy of these encapsulated EOs against bacteria relevant to DFIs.
  • To investigate the antioxidant and cytocompatibility profiles of the developed nanocarriers.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of lignin-based PEC NPs using quaternized lignin (QL), carboxymethyl lignin (CML), and tannic acid (TA).
  • Loading of Eucalyptus citriodora EO into PEC NPs, with characterization of NP size, ζ-potential, polydispersity index (PdI), and loading efficiency.
  • In vitro release studies, antibacterial assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, DPPH free-radical scavenging assay, and cytotoxicity assessments on fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Lignin-based PEC NPs successfully encapsulated Eucalyptus citriodora EO with high loading efficiency (87.05 ± 0.07%).
  • The NPs exhibited optimal size (150-180 nm) and stability characteristics.
  • Encapsulated EO demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and reduced cytotoxicity compared to free EO, with a controlled release profile of 17 ± 0.05% over 24 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Lignin-based PEC NPs are a promising platform for stabilizing and delivering Eucalyptus citriodora EO.
  • The developed nanocarrier system effectively combats Gram-positive bacteria associated with DFIs while possessing antioxidant and cytocompatible properties.
  • This formulation holds potential for enhancing wound healing in DFI patients by improving therapeutic performance and safety.