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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.4K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.4K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.0K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.5K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

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The Concept of Multiple Allelism
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Interactions of Multiple Spin-2 Fields beyond Pairwise Couplings.

S F Hassan1, Angnis Schmidt-May2

  • 1Department of Physics and The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new ghost-free spin-2 field theories with genuine multifield interactions, overcoming limitations of previous pairwise-only couplings. This advancement introduces novel interactions not always reducible to metric terms, expanding theoretical possibilities in fundamental physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory

Background:

  • Existing ghost-free theories for multiple spin-2 fields are limited to pairwise couplings.
  • These pairwise couplings are direct extensions of bimetric interactions.
  • A need exists for theories with genuine multifield interactions that avoid ghost instabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel class of spin-2 theories featuring genuine multifield interactions.
  • To demonstrate the absence of ghost instabilities in these new theories.
  • To explore the nature of the generated multivierbein interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Constructing new spin-2 theories by integrating out a nondynamical field.
  • Starting with a theory of spin-2 fields that possesses only pairwise ghost-free interactions.
  • Analyzing the resulting interactions for the presence of ghost instabilities.

Main Results:

  • A class of spin-2 theories with genuine multifield interactions has been successfully constructed.
  • The absence of ghost instabilities in these novel theories is explicitly demonstrated.
  • The newly generated multivierbein interactions are shown not to be universally expressible in terms of associated metrics.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully introduces a new framework for multifield spin-2 theories beyond pairwise interactions.
  • The demonstrated absence of ghost instabilities validates the proposed construction.
  • The findings open new avenues for exploring complex field interactions in theoretical physics.