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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Shunt admittances play a crucial role in the analysis of transmission lines, particularly for three-phase systems with neutral conductors. When a uniformly charged conductor is positioned above the Earth, it induces an equal but opposite charge on its surface. This interaction creates electric field lines between the conductor and the Earth.
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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States of Matter01:20

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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Related Experiment Video

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Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
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The ventriculo-cholecystic shunt: does CSF volume matter?

Duncan Henderson1, Alexandru Budu2, Michelle Horridge2

  • 1Sheffield Children's Hospital, Clarkson Street, Sheffield, S10 2TQ, UK. Duncan.henderson@sth.nhs.uk.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|July 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ventriculo-cholecystic shunts may fail in paediatric hydrocephalus management if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) output is high. Caution is advised when using this shunt in patients with high pre-operative external ventricular drain (EVD) output.

Keywords:
HydrocephalusShunt failureVentriculo-cholecystic shuntVentriculo-peritoneal shunt

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Hydrocephalus Management
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Peritoneal shunt failure in paediatric hydrocephalus presents management challenges.
  • Ventriculo-cholecystic shunting is an alternative, but gallbladder capacity for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not well-understood.

Observation:

  • A retrospective case series identified three paediatric patients who underwent ventriculo-cholecystic shunting.
  • Two shunts remained functional beyond one year in patients with pre-operative external ventricular drain (EVD) outputs of 8 and 10 ml/h.

Findings:

  • One ventriculo-cholecystic shunt failed within four days due to distal dysfunction in a patient with a pre-operative EVD output exceeding 30 ml/h.
  • This suggests a correlation between high CSF output and shunt failure.

Implications:

  • Ventriculo-cholecystic shunting requires careful patient selection.
  • Pre-operative EVD measurements are crucial for assessing the risk of shunt failure in paediatric hydrocephalus.