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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Dissection of Midgut and Salivary Glands from Ae. aegypti Mosquitoes
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Dual Sympathetic Input into Developing Salivary Glands.

T H N Teshima1,2, A S Tucker2, S V Lourenço1

  • 11 Department of Stomatology, Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Journal of Dental Research
|July 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing salivary glands rely on specific neurons. This study reveals tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing neurons in the parasympathetic submandibular ganglion play a crucial role in salivary gland branching morphogenesis.

Keywords:
Hand2 transcription factorbranching morphogenesiscatecholaminergichydroxydopaminesubmandibular gangliontyrosine hydroxylase

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Neuronal signaling is vital for salivary gland development and morphogenesis.
  • Postganglionic sympathetic nerves typically arrive late for secretory function, with their developmental role unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of early neuronal populations in salivary gland development.
  • To characterize the presence and function of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing neurons during salivary gland morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of developing murine and human submandibular glands.
  • Immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and transcription factor Hand2.
  • Explant cultures with chemical ablation of dopamine receptors using 6-hydroxydopamine.

Main Results:

  • A subset of parasympathetic submandibular ganglion (PSG) neurons express TH early in development, coinciding with Hand2 expression.
  • These TH-positive PSG neurons form a network around the developing gland independently of superior cervical ganglion innervation.
  • Ablation of dopamine receptors specifically eliminated TH-positive PSG neurons and inhibited subsequent salivary gland branching.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies a novel, early role for TH-expressing neurons originating from the PSG in salivary gland development.
  • These neurons appear critical for branching morphogenesis, suggesting a previously unknown sympathetic influence during early gland formation.