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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

517
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
1.9K
Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
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Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

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Systemic Bone Loss After Fracture.

Benjamin Osipov1, Armaun J Emami1, Blaine A Christiansen1

  • 1Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4635 2nd Avenue, Suite 2000, Sacramento, CA 95817.

Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism
|August 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A prior fracture significantly increases future fracture risk due to systemic bone loss affecting the entire skeleton. This bone loss, potentially irreversible, highlights the need to understand its mechanisms to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Bone LossFracture RiskFracture healingOsteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Bone Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • A history of fracture is the strongest predictor of future fractures.
  • Fracture leads to systemic bone loss, not just localized to the injury site.
  • Bone loss after fracture can be long-lasting and may not fully recover.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of systemic bone loss following fracture.
  • To explore the mechanisms contributing to post-fracture bone loss.
  • To identify individual factors influencing bone loss and recovery after fracture.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing animal and human studies on bone loss post-fracture.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms including mechanical unloading, inflammation, and hormonal factors.
  • Examination of individual factors such as age, injury severity, and sex.

Main Results:

  • Systemic bone loss begins early after fracture and persists for years.
  • Bone quantity and quality may not return to pre-fracture levels.
  • Factors like age, injury severity, and sex influence the extent and duration of bone loss.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the mechanisms of systemic bone loss after fracture is crucial for reducing subsequent fracture risk.
  • Mechanical unloading, inflammation, and hormonal changes are implicated in post-fracture bone loss.
  • Individual patient characteristics significantly modulate the response to fracture and subsequent bone recovery.