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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

What is a Mode?

What is a Mode?

The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...

Dark Triad and Person Perception

Dark Triad and Person Perception

Person perception is influenced by both external behaviors and the observer’s internal characteristics, including personality traits. Individuals with dark personality traits, comprising psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism — collectively known as the dark triad – exhibit manipulative and exploitative tendencies in social contexts. These traits affect how they perceive others and how they are perceived.The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Person PerceptionBlack et...

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Strong Coupling between Dark Plasmon and Anapole Modes.

Kang Du¹, Pei Li¹, Kun Gao¹

¹MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129 , China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|August 1, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers coupled dark plasmon and anapole modes in hybrid nanostructures, achieving enhanced light-matter interactions with minimal scattering. This breakthrough enables background-free spectroscopic applications using nonradiating plasmonic nanocavities.

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Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

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Published on: July 21, 2018

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Photodeposition of Pd onto Colloidal Au Nanorods by Surface Plasmon Excitation

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Published on: August 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Nanophotonics
Plasmonics
Metamaterials

Background:

Plasmonic nanocavities enhance light-matter interactions by confining light to the nanoscale.
Bright plasmon modes couple to external light but cause radiating background.
Dark plasmon modes offer strong near-field enhancement but are difficult to excite.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the first strong coupling between dark plasmon and anapole modes in hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures.
To leverage the vanishing dipole characteristics of anapole and dark plasmons for enhanced light-matter interaction.
To develop a nonradiating platform for advanced spectroscopic applications.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures.
Utilizing anapole modes for efficient excitation of dark plasmons.
Characterization of near-field enhancement and far-field scattering properties.

Main Results:

Achieved strong coupling between dark plasmon and anapole modes.
Demonstrated minimum far-field scattering and maximum near-field enhancement.
Created a nonradiating air cavity with broadband field enhancement.

Conclusions:

The hybrid dark plasmon-anapole modes offer a background-free platform for spectroscopic applications.
Excitation of dark plasmons via anapole modes enables practical exploitation.
The proposed approach supports linearly polarized light and scalable nanostructure arrays.